The following is a list of countries that have recognized the ownership of nuclear weapons, the estimated number of nuclear warheads, and the year in which they conduct the first trial. The list is in global politics known as the "Nuclear Club". The following figures are an estimate, in some cases are estimates that less reliable with the exception of the United States and Russia are verified by party independed based on a number of agreements.
These figures also represent the number of warheads held instead of the number of active. In the SORT agreement, thousands of warheads the United States and Russia turned off and wait for processing. Radioactive material that is in nuclear warheads can be recycled for use in nuclear reactors in nuclear power plants, submarines and warships.
In 1985 the number of active nuclear warheads in the world amounted to 65.000, then down to 20,000 in 2002. Many of the weapons are disabled, or stripped only stored and not destroyed.
Countries that acknowledge having nuclear weapons
1. United States
Warhead active / total: 5.735/9.960
The first year trials: 1945 ("Trinity").
2. Russia (former USSR)
Warhead active / total: 5.830/16.000
The first year trials: 1949 ("RDS-1").
3. Great Britain
Warhead active / total: <200
The first year trials: 1952 ("Hurricane").
4. France
Warhead active / total: 350
The first year trials: 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue").
5. China
Warhead active / total: 130
The first year trials: 1964 ("596").
6. Indian
Warhead active / total: 40-50
The first year trials: 1974 ("Smiling Buddha").
7. Pakistan
Warhead active / total: 30-52
The first year trials: 1998 ("Chagai-I").
8. North Korea
Warhead active / total: 1-10
The first year of tests: 2006.
Countries believed to have nuclear weapons
9. Israel.
Warhead active / total: 75-200,
The first year trials: no or 1979.
All above figures are estimates derived from the Natural Resources Defense Council, published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, unless other references are given. If the number of active warheads and the total is known, the numbers are given separated by a slash, but it is only one number is given.
When a given range of numbers (eg 0-10), this means that the estimates are primarily based on nuclear material produced and the amount of nuclear material required per each warhead is also dependent on the estimated efficiency of the design of a nuclear weapons state.
Countries which have conducted nuclear tests
1. United States
Develop the first nuclear weapon during World War II overshadowed fears preceded by Nazi Germany. Nuclear weapons test was first conducted in 1945 ("Trinity"), and became the only country that ever used nuclear weapons against other countries, namely when the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see also: the Manhattan Project.)
The U.S. also is the country that first developed the hydrogen bomb, test try ("Ivy Mike") in 1952 and a version that can be used in warfare in 1954 ("Castle Bravo").
2. Russia
Test the first nuclear weapon ("Joe-1") in 1949, in a project that partially developed with espionase in and after World War II (see also: Soviet nuclear weapons project.)The main motivation of the development of Soviet weapons is for balancing power during the Cold War.
Primitive Soviet hydrogen bomb test in 1953 ("Joe-4") and a powerful megaton hydrogen bomb at 1955 ("RDS-37"). The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful bomb ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), which has a yield of 100 megatons, but deliberately reduced to 50 megatons. In 1991, all the weapons belonged to Russia.
3. Great Britain
Tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 1952, with data largely obtained from the result of cooperation with the United States in the Manhattan Project.
Its main motivation is to be able to resist the Soviet Union independently. British hydrogen bomb test in 1957. Great Britain maintains a fleet of nuclear armed submarines.
4. France
Test the first nuclear weapon in 1960, and the hydrogen bomb in 1968.
5. People's Republic of China
Test the first nuclear weapon in 1964, that surprised many Western intelligence agencies. China acquire nuclear knowledge from the Soviets, but then stopped after the separation of the Sino-Soviet. China tested the first hydrogen bomb in 1967 at Lop Nur. China is believed to possess around 130 nuclear warheads.
6. India
There was never a member of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. India tested a "peaceful nuclear device", as described by the government of India in 1974 ("Smiling Buddha"), the first test that was developed after the founding of the NPT, a new question about how a civilian nuclear technology can be diverted for weapons purposes.
Its main motivation is thought to counter China. India then tested a nuclear warhead in 1998 ("Operation Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device (even though success is still doubtful thermonuclear). In July 2005, India officially recognized by the United States as "a state with advanced nuclear technology which is responsible" and agree to nuclear cooperation between the two countries.
7. Pakistan
Not a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty member states. Pakistan for decades secretly developing nuclear weapons began in the late 1970s. Pakistan first developed a nuclear states after the development of its first nuclear reactor near Karachi with equipment and material provided by western countries in the early 1970s.
After the Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan is gradually start its nuclear weapons development program and secretly building nuclear facilities are mostly located in the basement near the capital Islamabad. Some sources say that Pakistan already has nuclear weapons capability in the late 1980's. It remains speculative until in 1998 when Pakistan tested its first in the Chagai Hills, a few days after India's test try.
8. North Korea
Formerly a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but later withdrew on January 10, 2003. In February 2005 North Korea claims to have had a number of active nuclear weapons, although some experts doubt because North Korea is less of a test.
In October 2006, North Korea said that along with the pressure by the United States, will conduct a nuclear test as a confirmation of its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on October 9, 2006.
Most U.S. intelligence officials believe that a nuclear test had been conducted in line with radioactive isotopes detected by U.S. air forces, but most officials agree that the trial was probably just having a little success, because the yield is only about less than 1 kiloton.
Countries believed to have nuclear weapons
Countries believed to have at least one nuclear weapon, or a program with a success rate would produce nuclear weapons in the future:
Israel
Israel is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and refuses to confirm or deny having nuclear weapons, or develop a nuclear weapons program. Although Israel claims the Negev Nuclear Research Center near Dimona is a "research reactor", but no results of the work of scientists who work there are published.
Information about the program in Dimona technician Mordechai Vanunu revealed by in 1986. Image analysis to identify weapon bunkers, mobile missile launchers and launch sites in satellite photographs. International Atomic Energy Agency believe Israel has nuclear weapons.
Israel may have conducted a nuclear test by South Africa in 1979, but this has not been confirmed (see Vela incident). According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American Scientists, Israel has about 75-200 weapons.
States suspected of having a secret nuclear program
Here are a number of countries accused by a number of countries and international agencies have a nuclear program or trying to develop nuclear weapons, although not suspected of having had it.
1. Iran
Signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and expressed his interest in nuclear technology, including nuclear enrichment for peaceful purposes (a right guaranteed in the agreement), but the CIA (secret U.S. agency) and some western countries suspect that it is actually to cover up nuclear weapons development program and claimed that Iran has little need to develop nuclear power, and consistently chose the nuclear option which can be compared to choosing a multi use nuclear technology that can only be used for power generation.
Former Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi stated explicitly in the technology of his country's nuclear ambitions: "Iran will develop nuclear power capabilities and this should be recognized by the treaty." International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) later reported Iran to the UN Security Council on February 4, 2006 in response to the fears of western countries to Iran's nuclear program.
On 11 April 2006, the president of Iran announced that Iran had successfully enriched uranium to be used in a reactor for the first time. On 22 April 2006, the Iranian delegation to the UN nuclear monitoring agency that Iran has reached preliminary agreement with the Kremlin to form a partnership in a joint uranium enrichment on Russian territory.
2. Saudi Arabia
In 2003, members of the government of Saudi Arabia stated that due to the deteriorating relations with the United States, Saudi Arabia was forced to consider developing nuclear weapons, but since then they are often denied already started its development.
Rumors circulated that Pakistan has sent a number of nuclear weapons to Saudi Arabia, but this can not be dikonfirmasikan.Pada March 2006, German magazine Cicero reported that Saudi Arabia since 2003 have received assistance from Pakistan to develop nuclear missiles.
Satellite photos show an underground city and nuclear silos with Ghauri missile in the capital Riyadh. Pakistan later denied Saudi Arabia had helped in its nuclear ambitions.
Countries that have nuclear weapons
1. South Africa
South Africa to make six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but then melucutinya in the early 1990s that became the only country that is known to be continuing its nuclear weapons program after developing it themselves.
In 1979, an incident in the Indian Ocean which is suspected nuclear test by South Africa are likely to cooperate with Israel. This was never confirmed. South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.
Former Soviet Union
1. Belarus
Has 81 warheads on its territory after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. All were later transferred to Russia in 1996. Belarus signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
2. Kazakhstan
1400 Inherit nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union, and move all of it to Russia in 1995. Kazakhstan signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
3. Ukraine
Signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Ukraine inherited nuclear weapons when the 5000 independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, making it the country the third largest owner of nuclear weapons in the world. In 1996, Ukraine voluntarily dismantle all its nuclear weapons to be returned to Russia.
Countries that once had a nuclear program
Here are the countries that had nuclear weapons programs with varying degrees of success. Those countries are today no longer develop or possess nuclear program.All the countries listed below have signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
1. Argentina
Establishing the National Atomic Energy Commission (National Atomic Energy Commission or CNEA) in 1950 to develop a nuclear energy program for peaceful purposes but later conducted research on nuclear weapons programs under military leadership in 1978 at a time when signed but not ratified the Tlatelolco Treaty.
The program is then abandoned after the democratic process in 1983.Beberapa unofficial reports and U.S. intelligence later reported that the Argentine forward several types of nuclear weapons programs in the 1980s (one of which is testing to make a nuclear submarine), mainly due to the rivalry with Brazil, but eventually canceled the program.
In the early 1990s, Argentina and Brazil established a bilateral inspection agency aims to verify the activities of both countries in the use of nuclear energy with peaceful purposes. Argentina signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on 10 February 1995.
2. Australia
After World War II, Australia's defense policy of forming joint development of nuclear weapons by the United Kingdom. Australia provided uranium, the area for weapons testing and rockets, as well as scientists. Canberra is also actively involved in the Blue Streak missile programs.
In 1955, a signed contract with British company to build the Hi-Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR). HIFAR is considered as the first step of a plan to build a larger reactor is capable to produce more plutonium for nuclear weapons needs. Australia's nuclear ambitions finally abandoned in the 1960s. Australia then signed the NPT in 1970 and ratified it in 1973.
3. Brazil
Brazilian military regime establish a nuclear weapons research program (with code "Solimões") in 1978, although it has been ratified the Tlatelolco Treaty in 1968. The program was later abandoned when an elected government came to power in 1985.
On July 13, 1998 President Fernando Henrique Cardoso signed and ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, ending Brazil's nuclear weapons ambitions.
4. Egypt
Ever have a nuclear weapons program between 1954 and 1967. Egypt signed the NPT.
5. Germany
During World War II, Germany under Nazi rule, conduct research to develop nuclear weapons, but not supported a number of resources, the program was eventually found to be still far from success when World War II ended.
Research facility was also sabotaged by British spies and Norway thus hamper German research. (See the Norwegian heavy water sabotage). Historian Rainer Karlsch, in his book in 2005 entitled Hitlers Bombe, tells us that the Nazis had held an atomic test in Thuringia in the last year the possibility of war is a radiological weapon and not a fission weapon. (See also: German nuclear energy project).
6. Iraq
Has signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. They have a nuclear weapons research program in the 1970s until the 1980s. In 1981, Israel destroyed the Iraqi nuclear reactor Osiraq. In 1996, Hans Blix reported that Iraq has to disarm or destroy all their nuclear capabilities.
In 2003, a multinational coalition led by the United States invaded Iraq based on intelligence reports which reported that Iraq has weapons prohibited by the UN Security Council.
Because Iraq refused to cooperate with UN inspections, Iraq is suspected by many members of the UN Security Council has a nuclear program. However, in 2004, Duelfer report concluded that Iraq's nuclear program was closed in 1991.
7. Japan Kingdom
Ever held a nuclear weapons research during World War II, although not much less progress. Japan signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. There is no evidence that indicates Japan to develop nuclear weapons programs despite the ability of technology, Japan is considered capable of developing nuclear weapons in a short time.
Japan's constitution prohibits the manufacture of nuclear weapons in addition to Japan has been actively promoting nuclear nonproliferation treaty. Some of the suspicion arises that nuclear weapons might be in the United States bases in Japan.
8. Libya
Signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. On December 19, 2003, after the invasion of Iraq led by the United States and the prevention of delivery of spare parts designed Pakistan, sent from Malaysia (part of the proliferation network of AQ Khan, Libya admitted having a nuclear weapons program and also simultaneously announced their intention to terminate and disarm all weapons of mass destruction to be verified by the inspection team unconditionally.
9. Poland
Nuclear Research in Poland began in the early 1960s, when it achieved the first controlled nuclear fission reaction in the late 1960's. In the 1980s, research focused on the development of micro-nuclear reactions under military control.
Poland currently operates a nuclear research reactor MARIA under the control of the Institute of Atomic Energy in Swierk near Warsaw. Poland has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and officially announced did not have nuclear weapons.
10. Romania
Signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970. However, under the rule of Nicolae Ceausescu, in the 1980s, Romania has a secret nuclear weapons development program ended when Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown in 1989.
Today Romania operates a nuclear power plant with two reactors built with Canadian assistance. Romania also has mining facilities and its own uranium enrichment for power plants and a research program.
11. South Korea
Starting a nuclear weapons program in the early 1970s, which is expected abandoned when South Korea signed the NPT in 1975. However, many reports that said the program was then followed by the military.
In late 2004, the South Korean government disclosed to the IAEA That Had scientists in South Korea extracted plutonium in 1982 and enriched uranium to near-weapons grade in 2000. (See South Korean nuclear research programs).
12. Sweden
Seriously study the development of nuclear weapons between the 1950s and the 1960s. Sweden is estimated to have enough knowledge that allows the country to make nuclear weapons. A weapons research facility was built in Studsvik. Saab ever made a plan for a nuclear bombers who coded A36 supersonic speed. Sweden then decided to discontinue its nuclear weapons program and sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
13. Switzerland
Ever had a secret nuclear program between 1946 and 1969. Switzerland and then have a detailed technical proposal, certain weapons and nuclear weapons cost estimates for Switzerland in 1963. The program was later abandoned due to financial problems and the signing of the NPT on November 27, 1969.
14. Taiwan
Having a secret nuclear weapon research program from 1964 until 1988 when under pressure from the United States. Taiwan signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968.
15. Yugoslavia,
Yugoslavia has nuclear ambitions since the early 1950s when scientists began the process of Yugoslavia's uranium and plutonium enrichment. In 1956, Vinca fuel processing facility was built, followed by a research reactor in 1958 and 1959 with heavy water and uranium that have been processed are provided by the Soviet Union.In 1966 the trial began processing plutonium in laboratory Vinca produce plutonium that has been enriched.
During the period of the 1950s and the 1960s, Yugoslavia and Norway entered into cooperation in plutonium reprocessing. In 1960 Tito stop the nuclear program for reasons unknown but then started again after the nuclear tests India's first in 1974.
Nuclear program is still going on after the death of Tito in 1980, consisting of a nuclear program for weapons and for energy. Nuclear weapons program and then stopped in July 1987. Nuclear program for energy then generate the construction of nuclear power electricity generating Krško 1983, which is now owned by Slovenia and Croatia.
16. Serbia and Montenegro
Then inherit Vinca laboratories and 50 kilograms of enriched uranium that has been stored at the facility. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Vinca has never been a target because NATO knew about the uranium stored there. After the NATO bombing ended, the government of the United States and the Nuclear Threat Initiative is to move uranium to Russia - the place where Yugoslavia was first acquired it.
Nuclear-capable countries other
In theory, any industrial countries today have the technical capability to develop nuclear weapons within several years if the country does mean that. Countries that already have nuclear technology and weapons industry are adequate, even to do it in one or two years or even in a matter of months if they mean it.
Major industrial countries like Japan, Germany, Italy, Australia and Canada for example, could build weapons to compete with countries that already have nuclear weapons within several years. The list below are the countries that already have the capability to develop nuclear weapons.
The following list only includes countries that already have nuclear capabilities rather than the countries that are politically intend to develop it. All countries in the list below, have signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
1. Canada
Having the knowledge to develop nuclear technology, uranium reserves in large quantities and sell reactors for civilian purposes. Canada has a large amount of plutonium produced in reactors generating electricity. Canada to develop nuclear weapons in a short time. Although it has no nuclear weapons program today, Canada is the technology has been able to have the program since 1945.
Canada is an important contributor of expertise and raw materials the U.S. nuclear program in the past and also participated in the Manhattan Project. In 1959, NATO proposed the RCAF (Canadian Air Force) to build a nuclear power in Europe, in 1962, six CF-104 Canadian squadron stationed in Europe to build the RCAF Nuclear Strike Force is armed with B28 nuclear bomb (the original is the Mk 28) in Under NATO's nuclear program; unity was then disbanded in 1972 when Canada decided not to use nuclear attack methods.
Canada then accept joint control over the American nuclear warhead W-40 in the territory of Canada in 1963 for use on missiles BOMARC Canada. Canadian Air Force also store a number of air-to-air nuclear rocket AIR-2 Genie as the main weapon of combat aircraft CF-101 Voodoo after 1965. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to declare Canada a nuclear-weapon-free country in 1971, and the last American warheads withdrawn in 1984.
Canada gave India's first research reactor, Cirus, in 1956. This reactor is used to produce nuclear materials that are used in India's first nuclear test. Kadana CANDU reactors also produce and sell its technology to several countries such as China, South Korea, India, Romania, Argentina and Pakistan. However, there is no reliable evidence showing that CANDU reactors are used to produce nuclear material used in India and Pakistan. Canada then decided nuclear trade with these countries after they tested nuclear weapons first.
2. Germany
Has a nuclear industry which can produce reactor, uranium pengayaaan facilities, nuclear fuel production facilities and fuel reprocessing facilities and operates 19 nuclear reactors for one-third the country's electricity needs. Germany since 1945 have not made serious efforts to develop its strategic weapons delivery systems, but a number of nuclear weapons have been stationed in West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War began in 1955.
Under the scheme together with the use of nuclear power, West Germans have the authority to use U.S. nuclear weapons when faced with a massive attack from the Warsaw Pact. Several dozen of these weapons remained in several military facilities in western Germany.
Germany since 1998 has adopted a policy of eliminating all nuclear weapons, although the policy is running slow. On January 26, 2006, former defense minister, Rupert Scholz, said that Germany may need its own nuclear weapons to confront terrorist threats.
Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_dengan_senjata_nuklir
